NARRATIVE TEXT

A. Definisi dan fungsi narrative text.

Narrative text adalah suatu jenis teks yang berupa cerita khayalan, kisah nyata yang direkayasa, atau dongeng. Narrative text menceritakan suatu cerita yang memiliki rangkaian peristiwa kronologis yang saling terhubung. 

The purpose of narrative text is to retell past stories/experience and to Tujuan dari narrative text adalah untuk menghibur pembacanya.

B. Struktur teks (generic structure).

Adapun struktur dari narrative text adalah sebagai berikut: 

# Orientation : It is about the opening paragraph where the characters of the story are introduced.(berisi pengenalan tokoh, tempat dan waktu terjadinya cerita (siapa atau apa, kapan dan dimana)
# Complication : Where the problems in the story developed. (Permasalahan muncul / mulai terjadi dan berkembang)
# Resolution : Where the problems in the story is solved. Masalah selesai, secara baik “happy ending” ataupun buruk “bad ending”.
# Coda / reorientation (optional) –moral lesson from the story

C. Unsur kebahasaan.

Pada umumnya, narrative text memiliki unsur kebahasaan sebagai berikut:

• Noun: pada umumnya kata benda (noun) digunakan sebagai kata ganti orang hewan, atau benda dalam cerita, misalnya stepmother, the dwarfs, carriage, dan lain-lain.
• Past tense: narrative text menggunakan kata kerja bentuk lampau (verb 2), misalnya went, ate, met,dan lain-lain.
• Time connective: merupakan kata penghubung waktu untuk mengurutkan kejadian, misalnya after, before, after that, dan lain sebagainya.
• Action verbs: kata kerja yang menunjukan peristiwa atau kegiatan, misalnya stayed, climbed, wrote,dan lain-lain.
• Saying and thinking verb: kata kerja yang menunjukan pelaporan atau ujaran, misalnya said, told, thought, dan lain sebagainya.

 Setelah kalian memahami penjelasan mengenai definisi, fungsi, struktur teks, dan juga unsur kebahasaan dari narrative text, kalian bisa membaca satu contoh narrative text pada bacaan dibawah ini.

Task 1
Read the following text and answer the questions!

The Magic Candle

One day a young wanderer got lost in a wood. Suddenly he was a light from an old hut. He knocked on the door, and old woman opened it. She was crying. She said that the devil had stolen her magic candle. The candle could grant anything she asked. The wanderer asked where the devil lived. “In a castle not far from here,” said the old woman.
The wanderer went to the castle. There she found the devil, but he was old and weak. Therefore when the wanderer grabbed the magic candle from the devil’s table and ran away, he couldn’t chase him.
But the wanderer was not a kind man. He didn’t return the candle to the old woman, but kept it for himself. He lit the candle and made a wish, “I want to go far away from here.” Suddenly the genies appeared and took him to a beautiful palace. There was a party in the palace. The wanderer wanted to make some money. So he lit the candle again and wished for some jewellery. He sold them to the guests and was soon making a lot of money. Then the Princess came to buy the jewellery, but there was nothing left.
The wanderer fell in love with her and asked her to marry him. The kind Princess said yes, and they got married the next day. In this happiness, the wanderer told the Princess about his adventure and the magic candle. Hearing that, the Princess got very angry. At night she lit the candle and wished that the wanderer disappeared.
In the morning, the wanderer awoke and found himself back in his ugly house in a village.

(Adapted from Fun Plus 05

Answer the following questions based on the text above!

1.      What does a wanderer mean? What does he do?

2.      Does a wanderer do good activity? Why or why not?

3.      Do you think this text has only one complication, or does it have more than one? Please explain your answer.

4.      What do you think the old woman said to the wanderer say in response?

5.      What is the resolution in this text? Do you think it has happy ending or a sad one?

6.      What is the moral value of this story?

Task 2
Read the following text and answer the questions.

One day, a lion was having a nap under a shady tree when he felt something running over his face. He was awakened and picked up a little mouse. “How dare you are!” he roared and threatened to eat the mouse.

 “Please, spare my life oh, king of the jungle. Let me go and one day I may do something for you in return.”

“What did you say? You! Help me?! Ha…ha…this is really funny” the lion laughed but let the mouse go. He thought that the little creature didn’t even taste good.

Several days later when the lion was walking in the jungle, he was caught into a hunter’s trap. He struggled hard, but he couldn’t free himself. When he was about to give up, the little mouse came and gnawed at the ropes of the net and then said, “there you can go…if you had not let me go, I would not have saved your life today.”

Adapted from Bahasa Inggris, Materi PTBK buku 2

1.      1. What is the purpose of the text above?

A.       To explain about the mouse

B.        To disturb the lion

C.       To describe the jungle life

D.       To entertain the reader

2.      2.  The lion was having a nap.” The underlined word can be replaced by …….

A.       A snack

B.        A meal

C.       A sleep

D.       A treat

3.      3. ....but he could not free himself. The underlined word means …..

A.     run

B.     Walk

C.     Enter

D.    Escape

4.      4. From the text we can learn that…..

A.    It is useless to help others

B.     We shouldn’t judge the book by its cover

C.     Helping weak creature is not important

D.    A mouse is stronger than a lion

Task 3
Read the following text and answer the questions

The Monkeys and The Cap Seller

Once, a cap seller was passing through a jungle. He was very tired and needed to rest. Then, he stopped and spread a cloth under a tree.

He placed his bag full of caps near him and laid down with his cap on his head. The cap seller had a sound sleep for one hour.

When he got up, the first thing he did was to look into his bag. He was startled when he found all his caps were not there.

When he looked up the sky, he was very surprised to see monkeys sitting on the branches of a tree, each of the monkeys is wearing a cap of on its head.

They had evidently done it to imitate him. He decided to get his caps back by making a humble request to the monkeys.

In return, the monkeys only made faces of him. When he began to make gesture, the monkeys also imitated him.

At last, he found a clever idea. ” Monkeys are a great imitator,” he thought. So he took off his own cap and threw it down on the ground.

And as he had expected, all the monkeys took off the caps and threw the caps down on the ground. Quickly, he stood up and collected the caps, put them back into his bag and went away.

1. Why did the cap seller threw his cap on the ground?

     A. because he was upset 

     B. because he wanted to hurt the monkeys 

     C. because he wanted the monkeys imitate his action

     D. to make the monkeys angry

2. Why did the cap seller get startled when he woke up from his sleep?

    A. because he saw the monkeys

    B. he found that  his bag was empty

    C. because he lost his bag 

    D. because he hate the monkeys

3. What is the moral message of the story?

    A. to face every problem we need to think smart

    B. to solve the problem we must pretend to be monkey

    C. monkey is so annoying 

    D. all monkeys are inventor

4. "So he took off his own cap and ........" The underlined word has the same meaning with ......

       A. grab 

       B. catch 

       C. remove 

       D. bring 

Procedure Text

Procedure Text Definition Procedure text is a text that tells your reader hoe to do or to make something Examples: Recipes, rules for games or sports, science experiments, how to guide The characteristic: 1.    Using imperative sentences (verb) à Cut, do not mix, boil 2.    Using action verbs à turn, put, wash 3.    Using connectives (conjunctions) à then, while 4.    Using adverbials (adverbs) to declare the detailed time, place, an accurate way à for five minutes, 2 hours 5.    Using simple present Generic structure of Procedure Text 1.    Title :  what is the goal or outcome of the activity 2.    Materials or ingredients: things we need to complete the activity (optional) 3.    Utensils: the equipments used in the process 4.    Steps/procedure: method or directions that tells the readers exactly what to do step by step 5.    Tips: final comments or special instructions for better result (optional) Example: How to make nasi uduk Ingredients : 2 cups of rice 2 cups of coconut milk  1 tsp salt 1 pandan leaf 1 jeruk purut leaf 1 salam leaf 1 lemon grass Utensils : pan big pot steamer rice paddle Cooking method : 1. Cook the coconut milk with all the other ingredients except the rice. 2. Meanwhile, wash the rice in another big pot. 3. When the coconut milk comes to a boil, pour it in the pot filled with rice and stir frequently until all the liquid is absorbed. 4. Move the rice to a steamer until it is cooked. 5. Take out the leaves before serving. Tips of presentation : 1. Serve hot on a platter with shredded omelet and a mixture of fried peanuts and fried onions. 2. Garnish the platter with sliced cucumber, tomato and green leaves. This recipe makes 4 servings.

Exercise: A. Rearrange the following sentences into a good order, write down the materials and give a suitable title! (Urutkan kalimat-kalimat berikut ini menjadi langkah-langkah yang sesuai, tuliskan bahan-bahan dan alat yang di butuhkan dan tuliskan judul yang tepat.) 1.       While the noodle is being cooked, put seasoning, sweet soy sauce and chili sauce in a bowl. 2.       Noodle is ready to serve. 3.       Sprinkle fried crispy onion. 4.       Boil 400 ml ( 2 glasses) of water in a pan. 5.       Take the cooked noodle from the boiling water and drain it 6.       Add noodle, stir slowly for about three minutes 7.       Put the cooked noodle into the bowl with seasoning, sweet soy, sauce, and chili sauce, mix well. B. Please write the title of the following procedure text!  1. Choose one of these titles; a. How to make powder from bougainvillea b. How to cook bougainvillea, c. How to make natural dye from bougainvillea) then translate it! Title: ______________________ Materials: Some bougainvillea flowers A cup of water Utensils: Wooden Pounder Wooden bowl Method: 1. Gather all the materials. 2. Separate each petal of the bougainvillea flowers. 3. Mix the petals with one cup of water. 4. Pound the bougainvillea flowers (petals). 5. Separate the petals from the juice.   The bougainvillea flower produces extract color like commercial cloth dye. 2.  Title: _________________________ Things you need : Sms-enable cell phone. Instruction : 1.        Clik the "Message" button, or click Application > Message > Create Message. 2.        Enter the phone number or email address of the SMS recipient. 3.        Type a SMS message. SMS message are typically 160 character or less. If you send many characters, you send a speech :D 4.        Click "Send" to send your SMS 5.        Verify that your message was sent by checking your sent items box. If the message is waiting in the Sent items, it means your messages are not read yet. C. Write a procedure text of ‘how to write a procedure text’ and make sure you understand every word you write!

Macam-macam Teks

PROCEDURE

Social function Procedure: To help us do a task or make something. They can be a set of instructions or directions.
Text organization :
1. Goals ( the final purpose of doing the instruction)
2. Materials ( ingredients, utensils, equipment to do the instructions)
3. Steps ( a set of instruction to achieve the final purpose)
Language features :

• Use of imperative ( Cut…….., Don’t mix……..)
• Use of action verbs (turn, put)
• Use of connectives(first, then, finally)

RECOUNT

Social function recount: To tell the readers what happened in the past through a sequence of events.
Generic Structure of Recount :

1. Orientation ( who were involved, when and where was it happened)
2. Events ( tell what happened in a chronological order)
3. Re-orientation ( optional – closure of events)

Language features Recount:

• Use of pronouns and nouns ( David, he, she)
• Use of action verbs in past (went, studied)
• Use of past tense ( We went for a trip to the zoo)
• Use of adverbial phrases
• Use of adjectives

NARRATIVE

Social function narrative: To amuse or entertain the readers with actual or imaginary experience in different ways. Narrative always deals with some problems which lead to the climax and then turn into a solution to the problem.
Generic Structure Narrative :

1. Orientation ( who was involved, when and where was it happened)
2. Complication ( a problem arises and followed by other problems)
3. Resolution ( provide solution to the problem)

Language features Narrative:

• Use of noun phrases ( a beautiful princess, a huge temple)
• Use of adverbial phrases of time and place ( in the garden, two days ago)
• Use of simple past tense ( He walked away from the village)
• Use of action verbs ( walked, slept)
• Use of adjectives phrases ( long black hair)

DESCRIPTION

Social Function descriptive: To describe a particular person, place or thing.
Generic Structure descriptive :

1. Identification (identify phenomenon to be described)
2. Description (describe parts, qualities, characteristics)

Language features descriptive:

• Focus on specific participants
• Use of attributive and identifying processes
• Frequent use classifiers in nominal groups.
• Use of the Simple Present Tense

NEWS ITEM

Social function news item: To inform readers or listeners about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.
Generic structure news item :

1. News worthy event ( tells the event in a summary form)
2. Background events ( elaborate what happened, tell what caused the incident)
3. Sources ( comments by participants, witnesses, authorities and experts involved in the event)

Language features news item:

• Information on the use of head lines.
• Use of action verbs( hit, attack)
• Use of saying verbs( said, added, claimed)
• Use of passive sentences ( Aceh was hit by Tsunami in 2004)
• Use of adverbs in passive sentences (The victims were badly injured)

REPORT

Social function report: To describe the way things are (for example: a man -made thing, animals, plants). The things must be a representative of their class.
Text organization report :

1. General classification (introduces the topic of the report/tells what phenomenon under discussion is.)
2. Description (tell the details of topic such as physical appearance, parts, qualities, habits/behaviour).

Language features report:

• Use of general nouns ( Whales, Kangaroo, Computer)
• Use of present tense(Komodo dragons usually weigh more than 160 kg)
• Use of behavioural verbs (Snakes often sunbathe in the sun)
• Use of technical terms ( Water contains oxygen and hydrogen)
• Use of relating verbs (is, are, has)

ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION

Social function analytical exposition: To persuade the readers or the listeners that something in the case, to analyze or to explain.
Generic Structure analytical exposition :

1. Thesis (usually includes a preview argument. It introduces topics and indicates the writer’s position)
2. Arguments (consists of a point and elaboration sequence. The number of points may vary, but each must be supported by discussion and evidence)
3. Reiteration (restates the position more forcefully in the light of the arguments presented)

Language features analytical exposition:

• Emotive words such as : alarmed, worried.
• Words that qualify statements such as: usual probably
• Words that link arguments such as: firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore.
• Usually present tense
• Compound and complex sentences

SPOOF

Social function spoof: To tell an event with a humorous twist.
Generic structure spoof text :

1. Orientation (who were involved, when and where was happened)
2. Events ( tell what happened in a chronological order)
3. Twist (provide the funniest part of the story)

Language features spoof:

• Use of connectives (first, then, finally)
• Use of adverbial phrases of time and place (in the garden, two days ago)
• Use of simple past tense (he walked away from the village)

HORTATORY EXPOSITION

Social function hortatory exposition: To persuade the readers or the listeners that something should or should not be the case.
Generic structure hortatory exposition :

1. Thesis ( stating an issue of concern)
2. Arguments ( giving reasons for concern, leading recommendation)
3. Recommendation (stating what ought or ought not to happen)

Language features hortatory exposition:

• Emotive words: alarmed, worried
• Words that qualify statements: usual probably
• Words that link arguments: firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore
• Usually present tense
• Compound and complex sentences
• Modal auxiliary: can, may, should, must

EXPLANATION

Social function explanation: To explain the process involved in the formation or working of natural or socio cultural phenomena
Generic structure explanation :

1. A general statement to position the reader
2. A sequenced explanation of why or how something occurs
3. Closing

Language features explanation:

• Focus on generic, non-human participants.
• Use mainly of general and abstract nouns, action verbs, simple present tense, passive voice, conjunction of time and cause, noun phrases, complex sentences, and technical language.

DISCUSSION

Social function discussion: To present information and opinions about more than one side of an issue (“for” points “against” points)
Generic structure discussion :

1. Opening statement presenting the issue
2. Arguments or evidence for different points of view ( pros and cons)
3. Concluding recommendation

Language features discussion:

• Use of general nouns: alcohol, abortion, smoking, etc.
• Use of relating verbs: is, are, etc.
• Use of thinking verbs: think, feel, hope believe, etc.
• Use of additive connectives: addition, furthermore, besides, etc.
• Use of contrastive connectives: although, even, if, nevertheless, etc.
• Use of causal connectives: because, because of, etc.
• Use of modal auxiliary: must, should, etc.
• Use of adverbial manner: hopefully.

REVIEW

Social function review: To criticize an art work or event for a public audience
Generic structure review :

1. Orientation ( background information on the text)
2. Evaluation ( concluding statement : judgment, opinion, or recommendation. It can consist of more than one.
3. Interpretative Recount ( summary of an art works including characters and plot).
4. Evaluative summation: the last opinion consisting the appraisal or the punch line of the art works being criticized.

Language features review:

• Focus on specific participants
• Use of adjectives
• Use of long and complex clauses
• Use of metaphor
• Reviews are used to summarize, analyze and respond to art works. They may include: movie, TV shows, books, plays, concerts, etc.