PROCEDURE
Social
function Procedure:
To help us do a task or make something. They can be a set of instructions or
directions.
Text organization :
1. Goals ( the final purpose of doing the instruction)
2. Materials ( ingredients, utensils, equipment to do the instructions)
3. Steps ( a set of instruction to achieve the final purpose)
Language features :
Text organization :
1. Goals ( the final purpose of doing the instruction)
2. Materials ( ingredients, utensils, equipment to do the instructions)
3. Steps ( a set of instruction to achieve the final purpose)
Language features :
- Use
of imperative ( Cut…….., Don’t mix……..)
- Use
of action verbs (turn, put)
- Use
of connectives(first, then, finally)
Social
function recount:
To tell the readers what happened in the past through a sequence of events.
Generic Structure of Recount :
Generic Structure of Recount :
- Orientation
( who were involved, when and where was it happened)
- Events
( tell what happened in a chronological order)
- Re-orientation
( optional – closure of events)
Language
features Recount:
- Use
of pronouns and nouns ( David, he, she)
- Use
of action verbs in past (went, studied)
- Use
of past tense ( We went for a trip to the zoo)
- Use
of adverbial phrases
- Use
of adjectives
NARRATIVE
Social
function narrative:
To amuse or entertain the readers with actual or imaginary experience in
different ways. Narrative always deals with some problems which lead to the
climax and then turn into a solution to the problem.
Generic Structure Narrative :
Generic Structure Narrative :
- Orientation
( who was involved, when and where was it happened)
- Complication
( a problem arises and followed by other problems)
- Resolution
( provide solution to the problem)
Language
features Narrative:
- Use
of noun phrases ( a beautiful princess, a huge temple)
- Use
of adverbial phrases of time and place ( in the garden, two days ago)
- Use
of simple past tense ( He walked away from the village)
- Use
of action verbs ( walked, slept)
- Use
of adjectives phrases ( long black hair)
DESCRIPTION
Social
Function descriptive:
To describe a particular person, place or thing.
Generic Structure descriptive :
Generic Structure descriptive :
- Identification
(identify phenomenon to be described)
- Description
(describe parts, qualities, characteristics)
Language
features descriptive:
- Focus
on specific participants
- Use
of attributive and identifying processes
- Frequent
use classifiers in nominal groups.
- Use
of the Simple Present Tense
NEWS ITEM
Social
function news item:
To inform readers or listeners about events of the day which are considered
newsworthy or important.
Generic structure news item :
Generic structure news item :
- News
worthy event ( tells the event in a summary form)
- Background
events ( elaborate what happened, tell what caused the incident)
- Sources
( comments by participants, witnesses, authorities and experts involved in
the event)
Language
features news item:
- Information
on the use of head lines.
- Use
of action verbs( hit, attack)
- Use
of saying verbs( said, added, claimed)
- Use
of passive sentences ( Aceh was hit by Tsunami in 2004)
- Use
of adverbs in passive sentences (The victims were badly injured)
REPORT
Social
function report:
To describe the way things are (for example: a man -made thing, animals,
plants). The things must be a representative of their class.
Text organization report :
Text organization report :
- General
classification (introduces the topic of the report/tells what phenomenon
under discussion is.)
- Description
(tell the details of topic such as physical appearance, parts, qualities,
habits/behaviour).
Language
features report:
- Use
of general nouns ( Whales, Kangaroo, Computer)
- Use
of present tense(Komodo dragons usually weigh more than 160 kg)
- Use
of behavioural verbs (Snakes often sunbathe in the sun)
- Use
of technical terms ( Water contains oxygen and hydrogen)
- Use
of relating verbs (is, are, has)
ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION
Social
function analytical exposition: To persuade the readers or the
listeners that something in the case, to analyze or to explain.
Generic Structure analytical exposition :
Generic Structure analytical exposition :
- Thesis
(usually includes a preview argument. It introduces topics and indicates
the writer’s position)
- Arguments
(consists of a point and elaboration sequence. The number of points may
vary, but each must be supported by discussion and evidence)
- Reiteration
(restates the position more forcefully in the light of the arguments
presented)
Language
features analytical exposition:
- Emotive
words such as : alarmed, worried.
- Words
that qualify statements such as: usual probably
- Words
that link arguments such as: firstly, however, on the other hand,
therefore.
- Usually
present tense
- Compound
and complex sentences
SPOOF
Social
function spoof:
To tell an event with a humorous twist.
Generic structure spoof text :
Generic structure spoof text :
- Orientation
(who were involved, when and where was happened)
- Events
( tell what happened in a chronological order)
- Twist
(provide the funniest part of the story)
Language
features spoof:
- Use
of connectives (first, then, finally)
- Use
of adverbial phrases of time and place (in the garden, two days ago)
- Use
of simple past tense (he walked away from the village)
HORTATORY EXPOSITION
Social
function hortatory exposition: To persuade the readers or the
listeners that something should or should not be the case.
Generic structure hortatory exposition :
Generic structure hortatory exposition :
- Thesis
( stating an issue of concern)
- Arguments
( giving reasons for concern, leading recommendation)
- Recommendation
(stating what ought or ought not to happen)
Language
features hortatory exposition:
- Emotive
words: alarmed, worried
- Words
that qualify statements: usual probably
- Words
that link arguments: firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore
- Usually
present tense
- Compound
and complex sentences
- Modal
auxiliary: can, may, should, must
EXPLANATION
Social
function explanation:
To explain the process involved in the formation or working of natural or socio
cultural phenomena
Generic structure explanation :
Generic structure explanation :
- A
general statement to position the reader
- A
sequenced explanation of why or how something occurs
- Closing
Language
features explanation:
- Focus
on generic, non-human participants.
- Use
mainly of general and abstract nouns, action verbs, simple present tense,
passive voice, conjunction of time and cause, noun phrases, complex
sentences, and technical language.
DISCUSSION
Social
function discussion:
To present information and opinions about more than one side of an issue (“for”
points “against” points)
Generic structure discussion :
Generic structure discussion :
- Opening
statement presenting the issue
- Arguments
or evidence for different points of view ( pros and cons)
- Concluding
recommendation
Language
features discussion:
- Use
of general nouns: alcohol, abortion, smoking, etc.
- Use
of relating verbs: is, are, etc.
- Use
of thinking verbs: think, feel, hope believe, etc.
- Use
of additive connectives: addition, furthermore, besides, etc.
- Use
of contrastive connectives: although, even, if, nevertheless, etc.
- Use
of causal connectives: because, because of, etc.
- Use
of modal auxiliary: must, should, etc.
- Use
of adverbial manner: hopefully.
REVIEW
Social
function review:
To criticize an art work or event for a public audience
Generic structure review :
Generic structure review :
- Orientation
( background information on the text)
- Evaluation
( concluding statement : judgment, opinion, or recommendation. It can
consist of more than one.
- Interpretative
Recount ( summary of an art works including characters and plot).
- Evaluative
summation: the last opinion consisting the appraisal or the punch line of
the art works being criticized.
Language
features review:
- Focus
on specific participants
- Use
of adjectives
- Use
of long and complex clauses
- Use
of metaphor
- Reviews
are used to summarize, analyze and respond to art works. They may include:
movie, TV shows, books, plays, concerts, etc.
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